练习Practice
动手做Get your hands on it
练习跟着课文走 —— 每节课尾都有本课的练习。这一页是全部练习的总库，想集中刷题的时候来。 每个练习都写清了它来自哪一节，卡住了就回去看那一节。Practice follows the lessons — every lesson ends with the exercises for that lesson. This page is the whole library, for when you want to drill in one sitting. Each exercise names the lesson it came from, so you can go back when you stall.
0 / 148个做对过you got right
已筛到你正在学的《Federation 考试》。想看全部就点上面的「全部」。Filtered to Federation exam — the course you are on. Use “All” above to see everything.
练习Exercises
筛出 5 个练习（共 148 个）。Showing 5 of 148.来自From 三处埋雷：怎么系统地找出来The three planted bugs: how to find them systematically · Federation 考试Federation exam
L3Debug LabDebug LabDebug Lab · Cannot read properties of undefinedDebug Lab · Cannot read properties of undefined
Mutation.createOrder 的测试挂了。 报错说在读一个 undefined 的属性。自己分诊。
The Mutation.createOrder test fails. The error says something read a property of undefined. Diagnose it yourself.
● Order Resolvers › Mutation.createOrder resolver › should create a new order successfully
GraphQLError: Failed to create order
91 | } catch (error) {
92 | console.error(`[${correlationId}] Error creating order:`, error.message);
> 93 | throw new GraphQLError('Failed to create order', {
# 往上翻，console.error 打出的原始错误是：
console.error
[test-correlation-id] Error creating order: Cannot read properties of
undefined (reading 'createOrder')● Order Resolvers › Mutation.createOrder resolver › should create a new order successfully
GraphQLError: Failed to create order
91 | } catch (error) {
92 | console.error(`[${correlationId}] Error creating order:`, error.message);
> 93 | throw new GraphQLError('Failed to create order', {
# Scroll up: the raw error that console.error printed is
console.error
[test-correlation-id] Error creating order: Cannot read properties of
undefined (reading 'createOrder')
1const order = await dataSources.orderAPI.createOrder({ userId, items });
2
3// 参考：index.js 里 context 的 return
4// return {
5// dataSources: { orderDataSource, inventoryDataSource, shippingDataSource },
6// loaders: { shippingInfoLoader, orderLoader },
7// correlationId
8// };
1const order = await dataSources.orderAPI.createOrder({ userId, items });
2
3// For reference: what the context function in index.js returns
4// return {
5// dataSources: { orderDataSource, inventoryDataSource, shippingDataSource },
6// loaders: { shippingInfoLoader, orderLoader },
7// correlationId
8// };
第 2 步 · 这是什么类型的错误Step 2 · what kind of error is this
来自From 三处埋雷：怎么系统地找出来The three planted bugs: how to find them systematically · Federation 考试Federation exam
L3Debug LabDebug LabDebug Lab · 错误码不对（不报错的那种 bug）Debug Lab · The wrong error code (the kind of bug that throws nothing)
代码跑得通，没有异常。但测试说错误码不对。 这是三处埋雷里最值得理解的一处。
The code runs and raises no exception, but the test says the error code is wrong. Of the three planted bugs, this is the one most worth understanding.
● Order Resolvers › Error handling › should return structured error for validation failures
expect(received).toBe(expected) // Object.is equality
Expected: "INVALID_INPUT"
Received: "SERVICE_ERROR"
# 测试代码：
# const input = { userId: '789', items: [] }; ← 空 items，应该被校验拦下
# try {
# await resolvers.Mutation.createOrder({}, input, context);
# throw new Error('Should have thrown an error');
# } catch (error) {
# expect(error.extensions.code).toBe('INVALID_INPUT');
# }● Order Resolvers › Error handling › should return structured error for validation failures
expect(received).toBe(expected) // Object.is equality
Expected: "INVALID_INPUT"
Received: "SERVICE_ERROR"
# The test code:
# const input = { userId: '789', items: [] }; ← empty items, validation should stop it
# try {
# await resolvers.Mutation.createOrder({}, input, context);
# throw new Error('Should have thrown an error');
# } catch (error) {
# expect(error.extensions.code).toBe('INVALID_INPUT');
# }
1try {
2 if (!userId || !items || items.length === 0) {
3 throw new GraphQLError('Invalid order input', {
4 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.INVALID_INPUT, correlationId }
5 });
6 }
7 const order = await dataSources.orderDataSource.createOrder(userId, pricedItems);
8 return order;
9} catch (error) {
10 console.error(`[${correlationId}] Error creating order:`, error.message);
11 throw new GraphQLError('Failed to create order', {
12 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.SERVICE_ERROR, correlationId }
13 });
14}
1try {
2 if (!userId || !items || items.length === 0) {
3 throw new GraphQLError('Invalid order input', {
4 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.INVALID_INPUT, correlationId }
5 });
6 }
7 const order = await dataSources.orderDataSource.createOrder(userId, pricedItems);
8 return order;
9} catch (error) {
10 console.error(`[${correlationId}] Error creating order:`, error.message);
11 throw new GraphQLError('Failed to create order', {
12 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.SERVICE_ERROR, correlationId }
13 });
14}
第 2 步 · 这是什么类型的错误Step 2 · what kind of error is this
来自From 六个端点：状态码就是这道题的全部Six endpoints: the status codes are the whole task · Federation 考试Federation exam
L3Debug LabDebug LabDebug Lab · 查一个不存在的订单，返回了 200Debug Lab · Asking for an order that does not exist returns 200
五个测试全过。但手动 curl 一个不存在的 id， 得到 200 和一个空 body。期望是 404 加一段 JSON。
All five tests pass. But curl an id that does not exist by hand and you get a 200 with an empty body. It should be a 404 with a piece of JSON.
$ curl -i -s localhost:8080/api/orders/999
HTTP/1.1 200
Content-Length: 0
# 期望：
# HTTP/1.1 404
# { "timestamp": "...", "status": 404, "message": "Order not found with id: 999" }
# mvn test：Tests run: 5, Failures: 0 ← 测试全过！$ curl -i -s localhost:8080/api/orders/999
HTTP/1.1 200
Content-Length: 0
# Expected:
# HTTP/1.1 404
# { "timestamp": "...", "status": 404, "message": "Order not found with id: 999" }
# mvn test: Tests run: 5, Failures: 0 ← every test passes!
1@GetMapping("/api/orders/{id}")
2public ResponseEntity<Order> getOrderById(@PathVariable Long id) {
3 logger.info("GET /api/orders/{} correlationId={}", id, correlationId());
4 try {
5 return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.getOrderById(id));
6 } catch (EntityNotFoundException ex) {
7 return null;
8 }
9}
1@GetMapping("/api/orders/{id}")
2public ResponseEntity<Order> getOrderById(@PathVariable Long id) {
3 logger.info("GET /api/orders/{} correlationId={}", id, correlationId());
4 try {
5 return ResponseEntity.ok(orderService.getOrderById(id));
6 } catch (EntityNotFoundException ex) {
7 return null;
8 }
9}
第 2 步 · 这是什么类型的错误Step 2 · what kind of error is this
来自From Debug Lab · Federation 十种典型故障Debug Lab · ten common Federation failures · Federation 考试Federation exam
L3Debug LabDebug Lab故障 1 · resolver 写了，字段还是 nullFault 1 · the resolver is written, the field is still null
你确信写了 shippingInfo 的实现， 测试也不报错，但查询返回的 shippingInfo 是null。控制台里连你加的 log 都没打印。
You are sure you wrote an implementation for shippingInfo, and no test reports anything, but the query returns shippingInfo as null. Not even the log line you added prints on the console.
# 没有任何报错。
$ node verify-schema.mjs
Query.orders + shippingInfo: {"orders":[
{"id":"order-456","status":"SHIPPED","shippingInfo":null},
{"id":"order-457","status":"DELIVERED","shippingInfo":null}]}
errors: []
# 你在 resolver 第一行加的 console.log('>>> shippingInfo called')
# 一次都没打印。# No error at all.
$ node verify-schema.mjs
Query.orders + shippingInfo: {"orders":[
{"id":"order-456","status":"SHIPPED","shippingInfo":null},
{"id":"order-457","status":"DELIVERED","shippingInfo":null}]}
errors: []
# The console.log('>>> shippingInfo called') you added as the resolver's first line
# never printed, not once.
1export const resolvers = {
2 Order: {
3 async shipping(parent, _, { loaders }) { // ← 名字
4 console.log('>>> shippingInfo called');
5 return loaders.shippingInfoLoader.load(parent.id);
6 }
7 },
8 ...
9};
10
11// 参考 schema.graphql：
12// type Order {
13// ...
14// shippingInfo: ShippingInfo
15// }
1export const resolvers = {
2 Order: {
3 async shipping(parent, _, { loaders }) { // ← the name
4 console.log('>>> shippingInfo called');
5 return loaders.shippingInfoLoader.load(parent.id);
6 }
7 },
8 ...
9};
10
11// For reference, schema.graphql says:
12// type Order {
13// ...
14// shippingInfo: ShippingInfo
15// }
第 2 步 · 这是什么类型的错误Step 2 · what kind of error is this
来自From Debug Lab · Federation 十种典型故障Debug Lab · ten common Federation failures · Federation 考试Federation exam
L3Debug LabDebug Lab故障 3 · A 拿到了 B 的数据Fault 3 · A receives B's data
查两个订单的物流，返回的数据对上了错的订单。 没有任何报错。这是 DataLoader 最阴险的一类误用。
You query the shipping info for two orders and the data comes back attached to the wrong order. Nothing reports an error. This is the hardest kind of DataLoader misuse to notice.
# 没有任何报错。
# 查询：{ orders(userId:"123") { id shippingInfo { trackingNumber } } }
#
# 期望：
# order-456 -> TRACK123456
# order-457 -> TRACK123457
#
# 实际：
# order-456 -> TRACK123457 ← 串了！
# order-457 -> null
# 日志：[DataLoader] Batching 2 shipping info requests ← 合并是生效的# No error at all.
# Query: { orders(userId:"123") { id shippingInfo { trackingNumber } } }
#
# Expected:
# order-456 -> TRACK123456
# order-457 -> TRACK123457
#
# Actual:
# order-456 -> TRACK123457 ← got the other one's number!
# order-457 -> null
# Log: [DataLoader] Batching 2 shipping info requests ← the batching does work
1function createShippingInfoLoader(shippingDataSource) {
2 return new DataLoader(async orderIds => {
3 console.log(`[DataLoader] Batching ${orderIds.length} shipping info requests`);
4
5 const all = await Promise.all(
6 orderIds.map(id => shippingDataSource.getShippingInfo(id))
7 );
8
9 // 「过滤掉没有物流信息的」—— 看起来很合理
10 return all.filter(info => info !== null);
11 });
12}
1function createShippingInfoLoader(shippingDataSource) {
2 return new DataLoader(async orderIds => {
3 console.log(`[DataLoader] Batching ${orderIds.length} shipping info requests`);
4
5 const all = await Promise.all(
6 orderIds.map(id => shippingDataSource.getShippingInfo(id))
7 );
8
9 // "drop the ones with no shipping info" — this looks reasonable
10 return all.filter(info => info !== null);
11 });
12}
第 2 步 · 这是什么类型的错误Step 2 · what kind of error is this