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练习Practice

动手做Get your hands on it

练习跟着课文走 —— 每节课尾都有本课的练习。这一页是全部练习的总库，想集中刷题的时候来。 每个练习都写清了它来自哪一节，卡住了就回去看那一节。Practice follows the lessons — every lesson ends with the exercises for that lesson. This page is the whole library, for when you want to drill in one sitting. Each exercise names the lesson it came from, so you can go back when you stall.

0 / 148个做对过you got right
筛一下Filter theseL2L2填空Fill the blanks
课程Course全部All地基 · 项目与语言Foundations · project and languageReact 考试React examFederation 考试Federation exam面试八股Interview questionsCab BookingCab Booking
难度LevelL1 → L4 和上面四档同一个意思：给你的东西越来越少L1 → L4: the same idea as the four tiers above — less is handed to you全部难度All levelsL1L1L2L2L3L3L4L4
类型Kind全部类型All kinds认出来Spot it排顺序Order it填空Fill the blanks写整块Write a blockDebug LabDebug Lab从零重写Rebuild from scratch

练习Exercises

筛出 31 个练习（共 148 个） · 第 2 / 3 页。Showing 31 of 148 · page 2 / 3.
来自From 变式一 · Todo ListVariation 1 · Todo List · React 考试React exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全翻转与批量操作Fill in the toggle and the bulk actionDrillLab 自出Written by DrillLab

四个空。第 2 个是「只改一个字段」的写法，第 4 个考的是 「全选」和「反选」的区别。

Four blanks. The second is how you change one field only. The fourth is about the difference between select-all and invert-selection.

TSXsrc/components/TodoList/index.tsx4 个空4 blanks
1// 翻转一条：只改 done，其他字段照抄
2const toggle = (id: number) => {
3 setTodos((prev) =>
4 prev.((t) => (t.id === id ? { , done: !t.done } : t)),
5 );
6};
7
8// 剩余几项 —— 派生数据
9const remaining = todos.((t) => !t.done).length;
10
11// 全选 / 取消全选
12const toggleAll = () => {
13 const next = ;
14 setTodos((prev) => prev.map((t) => ({ ...t, done: next })));
15};
把 4 个空都填上才能检查（还差 4 个）Fill all 4 blanks to check (4 to go)
来自From 变式二 · 计时器：useEffect 的清理函数Variation 2 · a timer: the useEffect cleanup function · React 考试React exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全计时器的 effectFill in the effect of the timerDrillLab 自出Written by DrillLab

三个空，全在这九行里。第 2 个空漏了会「越跳越快」， 第 3 个空写错会「卡在 1 不动」。

Three blanks, all within these nine lines. Miss the second and the clock speeds up with every start. Get the third wrong and the display freezes at 1.

TSXsrc/components/Timer/index.tsx3 个空3 blanks
1useEffect(() => {
2 if (!running) return;
3
4 const id = setInterval(() => {
5 setSeconds();
6 }, 1000);
7
8 return () => (id);
9}, []);
把 3 个空都填上才能检查（还差 3 个）Fill all 3 blanks to check (3 to go)
来自From 变式三 · fetch 取数：loading、error 与竞态Variation 3 · fetching data: loading, error, and the race between two requests · React 考试React exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全取数 effect 的四个关键位置Fill in the four key spots of the fetching effectDrillLab 自出Written by DrillLab

四个空。第 1 和第 4 个合起来解决竞态，第 2 个是 fetch 的经典坑。

Four blanks. The first and the fourth together settle the race. The second is the classic fetch trap.

TSXsrc/components/UserCard/index.tsx4 个空4 blanks
1useEffect(() => {
2 let = false;
3
4 setLoading(true);
5 setError(null);
6 setUser(null);
7
8 (async () => {
9 try {
10 const res = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`);
11 if (!res.) throw new Error(`HTTP ${res.status}`);
12 const data: User = await res.json();
13 if (!ignore) setUser(data);
14 } catch (e) {
15 if (!ignore) setError((e as Error).message);
16 } finally {
17 if (!ignore) setLoading(false);
18 }
19 })();
20
21 return () => { ignore = ; };
22}, []);
把 4 个空都填上才能检查（还差 4 个）Fill all 4 blanks to check (4 to go)
来自From 变式四 · 递归读取评论的评论Variation 4 · reading replies to replies with recursion · React 考试React exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全递归统计与递归渲染Fill in the recursive count and the recursive renderDrillLab 自出Written by DrillLab

四个空。第 2 个是递归调用本身，第 4 个是「往下一层」。

Four blanks. The second is the recursive call itself, and the fourth is one level further down.

TSXsrc/components/CommentTree/index.tsx4 个空4 blanks
1// 递归统计总条数
2export function countComments(nodes: Comment[]): number {
3 return nodes.reduce((sum, n) => sum + + (n.replies), 0);
4}
5
6// 递归渲染
7{comment.replies.length > 0 && (
8 <ul>
9 {comment.replies.map((child) => (
10 <
11 key={child.id}
12 comment={child}
13 depth={}
14 onReply={onReply}
15 />
16 ))}
17 </ul>
18)}
把 4 个空都填上才能检查（还差 4 个）Fill all 4 blanks to check (4 to go)
来自From 变式五 · 主题切换：Context 怎么用Variation 5 · theme switching: how to use Context · React 考试React exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全 ThemeContext 的四个关键位置Fill in the four key spots of ThemeContextDrillLab 自出Written by DrillLab

四个空。第 3 个是最容易漏的那一步，第 4 个决定「忘了套 Provider」 时报错清不清楚。

Four blanks. The third is the step people miss most. The fourth decides how clear the error is when somebody forgets to wrap things in the Provider.

TSXsrc/context/ThemeContext.tsx4 个空4 blanks
1const ThemeContext = <ThemeContextValue | undefined>(undefined);
2
3export function ThemeProvider({ children }: { children: ReactNode }) {
4 const [theme, setTheme] = useState<Theme>("light");
5
6 const toggleTheme = useCallback(() => {
7 setTheme();
8 }, []);
9
10 const value = (() => ({ theme, toggleTheme }), [theme, toggleTheme]);
11
12 return <ThemeContext.Provider value={value}>{children}</ThemeContext.Provider>;
13}
14
15export function useTheme(): ThemeContextValue {
16 const ctx = useContext(ThemeContext);
17 if () throw new Error("useTheme 必须在 <ThemeProvider> 里面用");
18 return ctx;
19}
把 4 个空都填上才能检查（还差 4 个）Fill all 4 blanks to check (4 to go)
来自From GraphQL 是什么：一份 schema 加一堆 resolverWhat GraphQL is: one schema plus a set of resolvers · Federation 考试Federation exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全 schema 的关键声明Fill in the key declarations of the schema

照真实 schema.graphql 补全。 三个空分别关系到「入口类型」「枚举」「输入类型」。

Fill this in from the real schema.graphql. The three blanks are the entry type, the enum and the input type.

GRAPHQLsrc/schema.graphql3 个空3 blanks
1 OrderStatus {
2 PENDING
3 PROCESSING
4 SHIPPED
5 DELIVERED
6 CANCELLED
7}
8
9type {
10 order(id: ID!): Order
11 orders(userId: ID!): [Order!]!
12}
13
14 OrderItemInput {
15 productId: ID!
16 quantity: Int!
17}
把 3 个空都填上才能检查（还差 3 个）Fill all 3 blanks to check (3 to go)
来自From 非空、列表，和那个没有 price 的 inputNon-null, lists, and the input that has no price · Federation 考试Federation exam
L2填空Fill the blanks给四个 TODO 各自选对兜底策略Pick the right fallback for each of the four TODOs

照 schema 的非空标记，给每个 resolver 填上正确的返回表达式。 想清楚「这个字段能不能是 null」。

Go by the non-null markers in the schema and write the right return expression for each resolver. Decide first whether the field is allowed to be null.

JSsrc/resolvers/orderResolvers.js3 个空3 blanks
1// schema: orders: [Order!]!
2async orders(user, _, { dataSources }) {
3 const orders = await dataSources.orderDataSource.getOrdersByUserId(user.id);
4 return orders [];
5}
6
7// schema: shippingInfo: ShippingInfo （可空）
8async shippingInfo(parent, _, { loaders }) {
9 const info = await loaders.shippingInfoLoader.load(parent.id);
10 return info ?? ;
11}
12
13// schema: order(id: ID!): Order （可空，但题目要求找不到时抛结构化错误）
14async order(_, { id }, { loaders, correlationId }) {
15 const order = await loaders.orderLoader.load(id);
16 if () {
17 throw new GraphQLError(`Order not found: ${id}`, {
18 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.ORDER_NOT_FOUND, correlationId }
19 });
20 }
21 return order;
22}
把 3 个空都填上才能检查（还差 3 个）Fill all 3 blanks to check (3 to go)
来自From entity、@key 与 __resolveReferenceentity, @key and __resolveReference · Federation 考试Federation exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全 entity 声明与引用解析Fill in the entity declaration and the reference resolver

三个空。第一个是 directive，第二个是标记「这不是我的字段」， 第三个是引用解析要返回什么。

Three blanks. The first is a directive, the second marks a field as not belonging to this service, and the third is what the reference resolver returns.

GRAPHQLschema.graphql + orderResolvers.js3 个空3 blanks
1# schema.graphql
2type User (fields: "id") {
3 id: ID!
4 orders: [Order!]!
5}
6
7# orderResolvers.js
8# User: {
9# __resolveReference(user, { dataSources, loaders }) {
10# return { id: };
11# },
12# ...
13# }
把 3 个空都填上才能检查（还差 3 个）Fill all 3 blanks to check (3 to go)
来自From N+1 问题与 DataLoaderThe N+1 problem and DataLoader · Federation 考试Federation exam
L2填空Fill the blanks修好 createOrderLoader 并写出 shippingInfoFix createOrderLoader and write shippingInfo

两个空。第一个要你填对数据源上真实存在的方法名， 第二个要你用 loader 而不是数据源。

Two blanks. The first wants the name of a method that really exists on the data source; the second wants you to go through the loader rather than the data source.

JSsrc/resolvers/orderResolvers.js2 个空2 blanks
1function createOrderLoader(orderDataSource) {
2 return new DataLoader(async orderIds => {
3 const orders = await Promise.all(
4 orderIds.map(id => orderDataSource.(id))
5 );
6 return orders;
7 });
8}
9
10// Order.shippingInfo —— 必须走 loader，否则 N+1 考点没答到
11async shippingInfo(parent, _, { dataSources, loaders, correlationId }) {
12 const shippingInfo = await loaders..load(parent.id);
13 return shippingInfo ?? null;
14}
把 2 个空都填上才能检查（还差 2 个）Fill all 2 blanks to check (2 to go)
来自From TODO 1 · User.ordersTODO 1 · User.orders · Federation 考试Federation exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全 User.ordersFill in User.orders

四个空。第 2 个是数据源上的真实方法名， 第 4 个是那行最容易漏的防御。

Four blanks. The second is the method name that really exists on the data source; the fourth is the guard people most often forget.

JSsrc/resolvers/orderResolvers.js4 个空4 blanks
1async orders(user, _, { dataSources, loaders, correlationId }) {
2 try {
3 console.log(`[${correlationId}] Resolving User.orders for userId: ${user.}`);
4
5 const orders = await dataSources.orderDataSource.(user.id);
6
7 return orders [];
8 } catch (error) {
9 if (error GraphQLError) throw error;
10
11 console.error(`[${correlationId}] Error:`, error.message);
12 throw new GraphQLError('Failed to fetch orders for user', {
13 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.SERVICE_ERROR, correlationId }
14 });
15 }
16}
把 4 个空都填上才能检查（还差 4 个）Fill all 4 blanks to check (4 to go)
来自From TODO 2 · Order.shippingInfoTODO 2 · Order.shippingInfo · Federation 考试Federation exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全 Order.shippingInfoFill in Order.shippingInfo

三个空。第 1 个决定你答不答得到 N+1 考点， 第 3 个决定第二条测试过不过。

Three blanks. The first decides whether you answer the N+1 question at all; the third decides whether the second test passes.

JSsrc/resolvers/orderResolvers.js3 个空3 blanks
1async shippingInfo(parent, _, { dataSources, loaders, correlationId }) {
2 try {
3 const shippingInfo = await .shippingInfoLoader.load(parent.);
4
5 return shippingInfo ?? ;
6 } catch (error) {
7 if (error instanceof GraphQLError) throw error;
8 console.error(`[${correlationId}] Error:`, error.message);
9 throw new GraphQLError('Failed to fetch shipping info', {
10 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.SERVICE_ERROR, correlationId, orderId: parent.id }
11 });
12 }
13}
把 3 个空都填上才能检查（还差 3 个）Fill all 3 blanks to check (3 to go)
来自From TODO 3 & 4 · Query.order 与 Query.ordersTODO 3 & 4 · Query.order and Query.orders · Federation 考试Federation exam
L2填空Fill the blanks补全两个 Query resolverFill in both Query resolvers

四个空横跨两个 resolver。注意它们数据来源不同、兜底策略不同。

Four blanks across two resolvers. Note they read from different places and need different fallbacks.

JSsrc/resolvers/orderResolvers.js4 个空4 blanks
1// schema: order(id: ID!): Order （可空）
2async order(_, { id }, { dataSources, loaders, correlationId }) {
3 try {
4 const order = await loaders..load(id);
5
6 if (!order) {
7 throw new GraphQLError(`Order not found: ${id}`, {
8 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes., correlationId }
9 });
10 }
11 return order;
12 } catch (error) {
13 if (error instanceof GraphQLError) throw error;
14 throw new GraphQLError('Failed to fetch order', {
15 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.SERVICE_ERROR, correlationId }
16 });
17 }
18}
19
20// schema: orders(userId: ID!): [Order!]! （双重非空）
21async orders(_, { }, { dataSources, correlationId }) {
22 try {
23 const orders = await dataSources.orderDataSource.getOrdersByUserId(userId);
24 return orders ?? ;
25 } catch (error) {
26 if (error instanceof GraphQLError) throw error;
27 throw new GraphQLError('Failed to fetch orders', {
28 extensions: { code: ErrorCodes.SERVICE_ERROR, correlationId }
29 });
30 }
31}
把 4 个空都填上才能检查（还差 4 个）Fill all 4 blanks to check (4 to go)